Gallstones, also known as symptomatic cholelithiasis, are hard, crystal-like deposits that can form in the gallbladder below the liver. They can range in size from as small as grains of sand to as large as golf balls – although small stones are much more common. In most cases, the stones remain in the gallbladder and do not cause any discomfort.

However, inflammation of the gallbladder wall can occur. This is referred to as cholecystitis. If a gallstone emerges from the gallbladder, it can block the bile duct – thus forcing the bile to overflow from the liver into the intestine. This condition is called choledocholithiasis.

The main symptom of symptomatic gallstones is a pain in the upper right or middle part of the abdomen, directly below the ribcage. Usually, the diagnosis can be made quickly if a doctor collects a person’s medical history (anamnesis) and physical examination, as well as laboratory tests, and ultrasound. Treatment depends on the individual case. The overall prognosis is excellent.^[1],^[2],^[3]

If you think that you might have gallstones.

What are the causes of gallstones?

Gallstones develop when there is an imbalance in the composition of bile. Bile is formed in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and finally released into the intestine. When someone eats a high-fat meal, the bile is needed to bind the fats from the food.

The majority of gallstones are made mostly of cholesterol and are called cholesterol stones. In these cases, the amount of cholesterol within the bile is too high and causes the formation of a solid stone.

Less commonly, there are also gallstones made up of bilirubin, a breakdown product of red blood cells, and also gallstones caused by an imbalance of bile salts, lecithin, or calcium carbonate.^[3],^[4],^[5]

The most important risk factors for the development of gallstones are:^[5]

overweight
the female sex
age over 40 years old
pregnancy
European, Native American, or Hispanic descent
family members with gallstones
certain medications
some pre-existing conditions – such as diabetes, sickle cell anemia, cirrhosis of the liver, cystic fibrosis, and Crohn’s disease

What are the symptoms of gallstones?

In the majority of cases, gallstones do not cause any symptoms or problems. Symptoms typically occur when gallstones cause gallbladder or bile duct blockages. In these cases, the following symptoms may occur:^[1],^[3],^[5]

remitting pain in the upper right part of the abdomen
fever or chills
nausea and vomiting
itchiness
yellowing of the eyes or skin (jaundice)
light-colored stools
dark urine.

If these symptoms occur, you should seek medical assistance as they may be signs of an infection or inflammation of the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas.

Where is the pain located?

The main symptom of gallstones is a pain in the upper right or middle part of the abdomen, directly below the ribcage. This pain can occur suddenly and can spread to the arm, right shoulder, back, or chest. Some people experience the pain as sharp and stinging, while for others it can be a deep pain. This is also known as colic or colic-like pain. It is often triggered by a heavy meal and can wake a person up at night.^[1],^[3],^[4],^[6],^[7]

The pain is sometimes confused with a heart attack. Gallstone pain usually lasts between half an hour and a few hours. The pain attacks often come in relapses and subside as the stone moves and the blockage dissolves. In some cases, the pain can subside just a few minutes after.^[1],^[3],^[4],^[6],^[7]

If you think that you might have gallstones.

What is the diagnosis for gallstones?

A doctor will first make an anamnesis, in which the symptoms and the medical history will be inquired. The doctor will then carry out an extensive physical examination. The doctor can press on the upper right part of the abdomen and ask the person to take a deep breath during the examination. Pain may indicate an inflammation of the gallbladder.

After that, some tests are usually carried out to confirm the diagnosis. It is important to rule out other diseases that can sometimes cause similar symptoms, such as appendicitis, gastritis, and kidney stones.^[5],^[8]

Diagnostic tests for suspected gallstones may include:^[2],^[3],^[5],^[8],^[9]

Blood test

This is done in order to:
- see if there are any signs of infection or inflammation of the bile ducts, gallbladder, pancreas, or liver .
- check the function of the liver.

Abdominal ultrasound

a rapid, non-invasive examination using sound waves to confirm the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
- This is the most commonly used examination method for suspected gallstones.
- Inflammation of the gallbladder can also be detected in this way.

Endosonography

This is also a procedure that makes use of the advantages of ultrasound technology.
- The device consists of a flexible tube at the end of which an ultrasound probe is attached.
- The examiner first inserts the tube into the mouth and then pushes it forward into the abdomen so that an ultrasound image can be obtained at close range.
- The diagnosis can thus be confirmed.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP)

This is the preferred method if a stone is suspected to block the bile duct.
This examination method uses an endoscope.
- The examiner moves the endoscope through the person’s throat and esophagus into the stomach and upper intestines.
- In addition, the examiner can accurately visualize the bile duct using contrast media and if possible, remove the stone in the same session.

CT examination

This is an imaging procedure in which X-rays are used in several layers in order to:
- confirm the presence of gallstones in the bile system.
- check for possible complications, such as blocked bile ducts and pancreatitis.

MRI examination

An imaging procedure that uses a strong magnetic field to produce a detailed, three-dimensional image of the body.

Good to know: Gallstones can also be discovered by chance if you are examined for other complaints or as part of a general health check. As long as the gallstones do not cause symptoms, in this case also known as silent gallstones, treatment is usually not recommended. However, a doctor can inform you about symptoms that you should be aware of from that point on.^[8],^[10]

How are gallstones treated?

In general, gallstones are usually only treated if they cause discomfort. Only roughly every fourth person who has gallstones without symptoms will develop symptoms within 10 years.^[2],^[5],^[11]

If there are complaints, a few general measures are carried out first:

temporary fasting of food or decreasing intake of fatty foods
administration of medications that relieve the body’s spasmodic tensions against the blockade caused by the stone
administration of painkillers.^[5]

The following steps depend on the exact location of the gallstone and the problems caused.

Surgery to remove gallstones

The surgical removal of the gallbladder, called a cholecystectomy, is the preferred treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis – i.e. when gallstones are present and lead to discomfort. It is a common procedure that is considered the most effective way to eliminate symptoms in the long term and to prevent possible complications from gallstones.^[12],^[13]

There are two types of gallbladder surgery

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy:

This is a type of keyhole surgery in which the gallbladder is removed through a small incision in the abdomen.
- In some cases, a person can go home on the same day.
- In other cases, you will need to stay in hospital for a few days of monitoring.

Open cholecystectomy:

This is an older type of surgery that requires a larger incision in the abdomen to remove the gallbladder.
- This may be necessary if laparoscopy is not advisable or complications occur.
- The recovery time is longer with this type of surgery.

After a gallbladder surgery

You can lead a normal and healthy life without a gallbladder. After the removal of the gallbladder, the bile flows directly from the liver into the intestine via the connecting bile duct, without being temporarily stored in the gallbladder as before. The bile continues to support digestion as usual. In some cases, mild diarrhea or digestive disorders may occur temporarily. The risk of complications from a cholecystectomy is considered low.^[5],^[12],^[13]

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

This procedure is the preferred treatment option for bile duct blockage. The examiner moves the endoscope into the abdominal cavity. From there, the examiner can accurately visualize the bile duct using contrast media and if possible, remove the stone in the same session. If there are further gallstones in the gallbladder, surgery is often recommended.^[5],^[12],^[13]

Non-surgical treatment options

Non-surgical treatments are usually only recommended if surgery is not possible, e.g. if a different state of health makes surgery non-recommendable. Treatment options may include the following:

Medications containing bile acid: This is an attempt to increase the solubility of bile and thus dissolve gallstones. The treatment period is at least six months. A recurrence of gallstones is common.^[5]
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL): X-rays that emit shock waves to break gallstones into smaller pieces. Afterwards, medication must be taken to dissolve and excrete the debris. This procedure is rarely used today for gallstone treatment.^[5],^[12],^[13]

Good to know: Unfortunately, gallstones usually do not dissolve on their own. It is sometimes possible to dissolve cholesterol stones with certain medications. However, this can take a long time and often does not work. Also the nowadays rarely used method of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, in which gallstones are shattered into smaller pieces (see above), can contribute to the excretion of the stones. But even if the gallstones disappear by these methods, it is likely that new stones will form over time.^[3],^[6],^[11],^[14]

What is the prognosis for gallstones?

Most gallstones do not cause any symptoms and don’t require treatment. Whenever symptoms occur, treatment is necessary. However, the overall prognosis is excellent and most people fully recover.^[13]

What are the complications of gallstones?

The majority of people with gallstones have no symptoms whatsoever. In these cases, usually, no treatment is necessary. Even if symptoms occur, there are low-risk treatment methods available today, which makes the prognosis extremely favorable.

In individual cases, or if no treatment is given for existing complaints, the following complications may occur:^[1],^[3],^[5],^[13]

cholecystitis.
- inflammation of the gallbladder
pancreatitis.
- inflammation of the pancreas
injury and/or infection of the bile ducts
- i.e. the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts
- Inflammation of the bile ducts is referred to as cholangitis.
intestinal obstruction.

These complications often require emergency treatment. As already mentioned above, medical attention should be sought immediately for the following symptoms:^[3],^[5]

severe, persistent pain in the abdomen
fever
chills
yellowing of the skin or eye whites (jaundice).

Gallstones FAQs

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Definition & Facts for Gallstones.” November, 2017. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
Southern Cross Medical Library. “Gallstones – causes, symptoms, treatment.” January, 2017. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩
Harvard Health. “What to do about gallstones.” March, 2011. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Symptoms & Causes of Gallstones.” November, 2017. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩
AMBOSS. “Cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis.” November 28, 2018. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
UpToDate. “Patient education: Gallstones (Beyond the Basics).” February 21, 2018. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
NHS inform. “Gallstones: Symptoms.” May 1, 2018. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩
NHS inform. “Gallstones: Diagnosis.” May 1, 2018. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩
Medscape. “Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Workup.” March 30, 2017. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩
Emergency Care Institute, New South Wales. “Patient Factsheet: Gallstones.” August, 2014. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩
NHS inform. “Gallstones: Treatment.” May 1, 2018. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩
Medscape. “Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Treatment & Management.” March 30, 2017. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
BMJ Best Practice. “Cholelithiasis.” January, 2018. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
UpToDate. “Overview of nonsurgical management of gallbladder stones.” December 5, 2018. Accessed June 19, 2019. ↩ ↩

**Question:** What is Gallstones (Symptomatic Cholelithiasis)?

**Answer:**

**Gallstones** are hard deposits that form‌ in‍ the gallbladder, a small organ located ‍beneath the liver. ‍They are primarily composed of cholesterol and bile pigments. When gallstones block ‌the flow of bile from ‍the gallbladder into the small ‌intestine, they‌ cause inflammation‌ and‌ pain, resulting in a ⁢condition known as **symptomatic cholelithiasis**.

**Keywords:** Gallstones, symptomatic⁢ cholelithiasis, gallbladder, bile

**Causes:**

*⁢ **High cholesterol levels in bile:** Excess cholesterol can form‌ crystals that aggregate⁢ into gallstones.

* **Bile supersaturation:** Too much bile or ⁣not enough bile acids can lead to stone ‌formation.

* **Slow gallbladder emptying:** Impaired gallbladder motility can⁣ allow ⁣bile to become concentrated and‌ form gallstones.

**Risk ⁣Factors:**

* **Age:** Risk increases with age

* ⁤**Female gender:** Women are‌ more likely⁣ to develop gallstones⁣ than ⁣men

* **Obesity:** ⁢Excess⁢ weight increases⁤ cholesterol production

* **Rapid weight loss:** Rapid weight‍ loss can release excess cholesterol into ‌bile

* **Certain medical‍ conditions:** Diabetes, inflammatory⁤ bowel disease, celiac disease

* **Family history:** Having a family member with⁢ gallstones increases risk

**Symptoms:**

* **Abdominal pain:** Sudden, severe pain‌ in the upper right abdomen or between⁤ the shoulder blades

* **Nausea and vomiting:** Associated⁢ with abdominal pain

* **Fever and chills:** If the‌ gallbladder becomes infected due to blocked ducts

* **Dark urine:** Bile pigments may accumulate in urine

* **Light-colored stools:** Obstructed bile flow ‌prevents⁣ bilirubin‌ from reaching the intestines

**Diagnosis:**

* ⁢**Ultrasound:** ⁣Usually the first ⁢test used to detect gallstones

* **Magnetic Resonance Imaging‍ (MRI):** ⁤Alternative to ultrasound,⁣ especially for diagnosing small stones

* **Other tests:** Blood tests, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

**Treatment:**

* **Observation:** For small, asymptomatic gallstones, observation may⁣ be sufficient.

*⁤ **Medications:** Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodiol) can dissolve small gallstones in some cases.

* **Surgery:** **Cholecystectomy**, the surgical removal of ‍the gallbladder, is the definitive treatment for symptomatic gallstones.

**Prevention:**

* **Maintain a healthy weight:** Obesity increases risk

* **Limit saturated and trans‍ fats:** High levels can increase cholesterol formation

* **Increase dietary fiber:** Fiber helps bind cholesterol‍ and reduce absorption

* **Exercise ‌regularly:** Improves gallbladder function

* **Encourage gallbladder emptying:** Drink plenty of fluids and eat foods that stimulate bile ⁤production, such as⁣ coffee and ‌citrus fruits

What is Gallstones (Symptomatic Cholelithiasis)?

What are the causes of gallstones?